Not quite sure what you mean, but I think the answer is "yes". The cutter tool allows you to cut outside polygons. If you start in a polygon and cut 'out' (and end up again in the polygon you are creating a new one adjacent to it. If you start completely outside a polygon and end up where you started you will be creating a new polygon. You can cut lines anywhere as well.
And with the live layer, vector actions you can cut one file with another. So if you have a large polygon file and a secon one asa 'mask' you can use that one to cut the first.
Thank you for the answer I couldn't answer before I go back to my problem (I solved it by catting a few lines at a time) I can cut only few lines contemporary (maybe 10) if I try to cut more lines the software crashes I have some large vector files with many vectors. Is a limit of the computer or of the software? Thank you